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Equations
Maxwell equations
Lorentz Force
Magnetic Field
Ampere's Law
Biot-Savart Law
Calculating magnetic forces
Magnetic flux density for a uniformly magnetizied body can be calculated by the formula:
(1)
Formula 1 is a scalar potentiel of flux density, M is a constant vector of magnetization, ϕ is a scalar potentiel of the same body charged with unity charge density. The potential can be calculated by the formula:
(2)
calculated of the volume of body, Fig:1. 
Figure 1. Potential Calculation
The volumetric integral calculation is not easy in general so we calculate magnetic flux density only for regular bodies such as blocks/cubes, discs/cylinders, rings and spheres.
Magnetic flux density generated by steady magnets can be calculated by simple formulae only for spherical magnets or for z axis for cylindrical and rectangular magnets.
For a block or cube, Fig. 2;
Figure 2. Block/Cube
The calculation gives the formulae
(3)
Examples of graphs of magnetic flux density for a rectangle are on Fig.2. The graph is plotted for M=100,a=5mm, b=10mm, d=5mm, range of z is [0.01,10]mm.
Figure 3. Example magnetic flux density with distance
For a disc or cylinder calculation of integrals gives explicit formulae only for z axis, Fig. 4.
Figure 4. Disc/Cylinder and Ring (for disc/cylinder ignore r)
For disk magnetic flux density on z-axis is
(4)
For a ring magnetic flux density on z-axis is
(5)
Examples of graphs of magnetic flux density for a ring (red) and a disk (bleu) are on Fig:4. The graph is plotted for M=100,diameter=10mm, height=5mm, range of z is [0.01,10]mm. For the ring an interior diameter=4mm.
